book
On First Principles
Origen of Alexandria · 225
The first systematic theology in Christian history, written by a martyr's son in a persecuted church that still had room for an open question. Every rational soul began in God, fell by its own free choice, and carries an image of God that cannot be erased. Punishment is medicine, not revenge. The end is like the beginning, and the beginning was God. Three centuries after Origen died for the faith, the church of the empire anathematized the book. Most of the Greek was lost as a result. What survives is the outline of a Christianity that was never afraid.
UnCult Note Origen wrote this in Alexandria around 225, when the church had no armies, no courts, and no land, and could afford to let its best mind think out loud.
It is in four books. The first is about God, the Logos, the Spirit, and the rational creatures made to know them. The second is about the world and why it is unequal. The third is about free will, and it is the hinge of everything. The fourth is about how to read Scripture: as body, soul, and spirit, with the letter as the outer layer and never the whole.
The argument that got the book condemned is stated plainly and offered as inquiry. All rational beings were created equal and free. Each fell as far as it chose. The material world is the school God built for the way back. Punishment is the fire each sinner kindles for himself, and God’s fire is the one that burns the building down so the person inside can walk out. It ends when it has healed. “For the end is always like the beginning.”
Read it knowing what you are holding. The Greek original is almost entirely lost. What survives is the Latin of Rufinus, who admitted he softened it, and fragments quoted by the men who prosecuted it. You are reading the most important theologian of the early church through the hand of his editor and the quotations of his enemies. It is still the clearest picture we have of a Christianity that trusted the image of God in every person more than it trusted fear.
The 1885 Ante-Nicene Fathers translation is in the public domain. The ePub below is that translation, trimmed from Volume 4 to On First Principles alone, with the editors’ introduction and the Prologue of Rufinus kept in front of it. The 1936 Butterworth translation is better and still in print.
Read the essay on Origen.